A 2020 observational study including 167,254 diabetes patients (90,674 men, 76,580 women) investigated the consequences of switching from metformin therapy to newer antidiabetics, such as sodium-glucose-like transport-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DDP-4s). This evidence concerns the gene DPP4 and diabetes mellitus.