TNF and Insulin resistance: Insulin resistance and hyperglycemia can activate the NLRP3 (NOD (nucleotide oligomerization domain)-, LRR (leucine-rich repeat)-, and PYD (pyrin domain)-containing protein 3) inflammasome, leading to the release of cytokines such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α.