EPO and anemia: A complex inflammatory interaction due to IL1, IL2, TNFα, and INFy [51], the effects of hepcidin on iron metabolism [52], the altered intestinal absorption of nutrients, which is essential in erythrocyte maturation and production, and altered hormonal/receptor responses [53] are all additional factors which contribute to the impaired response of bone marrow to erythropoietin and thus to the onset of anemia in CKD.