Nevertheless, a RCT in 81 postmenopausal women with obesity found that a 12-week course of multispecies probiotic supplements led to reduced levels of visceral and subcutaneous fat, lower waist circumference, and improved cardiometabolic markers, including uric acid, glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR [167], all of which would be expected to yield hepatic benefit. Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.