CD4 and infection: While asymptomatic infections are typically characterized by increased regulatory T and B cell responses and a pronounced IgG4 and IL-10 response, chronic LE is associated with pro-inflammatory responses, characterized by elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and increased antigen-specific Th1 and Th17 responses in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells [10,11,12,13,14,15].