BRAF and melanoma: As half of the advanced melanoma patients bear mutations at the residue Val 600 in the kinase BRAF that lead to constitutive activation of the MAPK pathway [12], targeted therapies including BRAF inhibitors (vemurafenib, dabrafenib) and MEK inhibitors (trametinib, cobimetinib) have been developed [13,14,15,16,17], improving the overall response rates and survival compared to chemotherapy [13].