TLR4 and Alzheimer disease: Studies have shown that tetrandrine can reverse the ectopic transcription of inflammation-related genes, including TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, iNOS, and p65, in 5XFAD mice (a transgenic model of AD), inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory cytokines TLR4, p65, iNOS, and COX-2 in microglia BV2 cells induced by Aβ1-42, and improving AD by reducing inflammation and neurotoxicity [96].