HILPDA and infection: Furthermore, hypoxia-inducible gene 2 (HIG2), a peptide inhibitor of adipose triglyceride lipase encoded by a target gene of HIF-1 named HILPDA (Hypoxia-Inducible Lipid Droplet-Associated), is upregulated early on in infection, indicating that HIF activation may occur quickly upon cellular interaction with Giardia [58,88] (Table 1).