Similar observations have been made using Caco-2 epithelial cells, where HIF-induced genes including NOS2, ANKRD37, GADD45A, ITF, MIR210HG, and SLC2A3 are also upregulated in Giardia-exposed cells, suggesting that IECs respond to increased oxidative stress upon infection [22,58,59,87] (Table 1). Here, SLC2A3 is linked to infection.