PTPA and Parkinson disease: Parkinson’s disease (PD), a brain disorder that causes unintended or uncontrollable movements and is associated with a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to dementia in late stages of the disease, has also been modeled in D. melanogaster. The microbiomes of the PD model gene park25 flies were transferred to the larva of both control flies and park25 flies, resulting in a negative effect on both pupation and eclosion, with a more significant effect on the PD model flies [100,101].