In the study conducted by Williams et al. [23] to compare the leukocyte population density in the placental bed by separating 12 PE, 8 IUGR and 12 control group placentas, it was determined that placentas with PE and IUGR contained less density of CD56+ decidual NK cells, macrophages and lymphocytes [23]. Here, NCAM1 is linked to fetal growth restriction.