LEP and thyroid gland papillary carcinoma: The mean TSH levels in obese individuals appeared to be 0.8–2 mU/L higher than in nonobese individuals as a result of the leptin effect on the type II deiodinase in the paraventricular nucleus, which could cause a rise in the incidence of goiter, nodular goiter and papillary thyroid carcinoma development over time [31,58].