INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Diabetes type 1 (T1DM, which accounts for 5–10% of all diabetes cases) is characterized by a lack of insulin due to autoimmune destruction of the β-cells of the pancreas due to an unknown cause, while diabetes type 2 (T2DM, which accounts for 90–95% of all diabetes cases) is characterized by insulin resistance and relative (rather than absolute) insulin deficiency [12].