ALB and neoplasm: We analyzed the relationship between early complications and the following factors: age, sex, body mass index, type of tumor, location of tumor, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, physical status, frailty (categorized by the 5-factor Modified Frailty Index [mFI-5]), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein/albumin ratio, preoperative chemotherapy, preoperative radiotherapy, surgical approach, and the number of resected vertebrae.