E2F4 and glioblastoma: For example, TNF-weak-like factor (TWEAK) can upregulate the nuclear E2F4 and E2F5 protein levels in GBM cells, and E2F4 and E2F5 can bind to the promoter region of NIK to regulate the transcription and expression of NIK, thereby activating the NF-κB signaling pathway to promote cell invasion [77].