In addition, TRIM22 forms a complex with cytosolic purine 5-nucleotidase (NT5C2) and promotes K63-linked ubiquitination of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), which activates NF-κB/CCAR1 (cell division cycle and apoptosis regulator 1) to induce cell proliferation of GBM [52]. Here, CCAR1 is linked to glioblastoma.