In addition, the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β (Figure 5B) was significantly higher in HFD-fed animals in comparison to STD-fed animals, suggesting that type I gustatory cells can be differentiated into M1-like phenotype of macrophages in obesity. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.