TGFB1 and Insulin resistance: PCRD may be caused by mediators of β cell dysfunctions and peripheral insulin resistance, the interaction between PC and adipose tissue, the control of DM-associated PC pathway genes by miRNAs and the accelerated transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signalling due to the increased secretion of TGF-β, causing the depletion of β cells [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28].