TLR4 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: In a recently published study, patients with L412F-variant IPF were significantly more likely to die from AEs, and L412F-heterozygous IPF lung fibroblasts had reduced antibacterial TLR responses to various stimuli, including LPS (TLR4), Pam3CYSK4 (TLR1/2), flagellin (TLR5), and FSL-1 (TLR6/1), and to live Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.