TRPV1 and Alzheimer disease: Whilst capsaicin TRPV1-activation has been reported to induce pro-inflammatory cytokine release from microglia and astrocytes [87,88], microglial and astrocytic activation was shown to be suppressed in the substantia nigra of non-AD models, including the TRPV1 knockout mice and a mouse model of Parkinson’s Disease [89,90].