TNF and Anxiety: Indeed, an acute LPS systemic injection to mice induced microglia activation and increased the expression of NFκβ and the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in the basolateral amygdala (BLA); in addition, mice acutely treated with LPS showed increased anxiety behavior, as depicted by less time spent in exposed areas of the open-field test and the elevated plus maze test [275].