Markers significantly elevated in the ventilated lung of patients with postoperative respiratory failure, including IL-1Ra, TARC, IL-7, IL-6, Eotaxin, IL-1α, and TGF-β2, were detected at higher levels in the ventilated lung of the complications group at baseline, even before OLV and lung surgery was initiated. Here, TGFB2 is linked to respiratory failure.