The predominant tubulo-interstitial effects of the increased kidney anserine and carnosine concentrations in the Cndp1-KO mice on HFD are in line with findings from a clinical trial, where randomized controlled supplementation of 2 g/day of carnosine in 40 patients with diabetic nephropathy for 12 weeks decreased urinary TGF-β, a biomarker of kidney fibrosis, but not albuminuria or GFR [27]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to diabetic kidney disease.