TNF and atrial fibrillation: The EVs isolated from EAT explant cultured in vitro have revealed that the vesicles from AF (AF-EVs) were enriched in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1a, TNF-α, IL-4), with lower levels of IL-10 (anti-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokine), VEGF and soluble VEGF receptor.