PDCD1 and glioblastoma: A combination of nanotechnology and immunotherapy led Galstyan et al. to deliver targeted nanoscale immunoconjugates (NICs) on a natural biopolymer scaffold, as well as on poly (β-L-malic acid), with covalently attached a-CTLA-4 or a-PD-1 for systemic delivery across the BBB, with a local immune system activation and a prolonged survival in GBM-bearing mice [82].