The specific molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways that regulate the close interaction between PD-L1 and Tregs or exhausted CD8+ T cells within the TME were not explored in our study, and we need to further decipher the determinants of Treg and exhausted CD8+ T cell infiltration in patients with a high PD-L1 expression and ALK-rearranged NSCLC. The gene discussed is ALK; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.