TNF and systemic inflammatory response syndrome: Moreover, proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (Il-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), platelet-activating factor (PAF), and interleukin-6 (Il-6) are major contributors to the development of inflammation and systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) and multiple organ dysfunction (MODS), leading to the development of severe acute pancreatitis [95,96,97,98].