In the same study, pretreatment of amyloid-β-activated microglia with butyrate reduced CD11b and COX-2 levels and inhibited the phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of NF-kB, suggesting that the effects of butyrate against AD neuroinflammation could occur through suppression of NF-kB signaling [18]. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and Alzheimer disease.