Third, some entities such as encapsulated papillary carcinomas (EPC) with a low invasive potential and lower production of invasion-associated markers (such as matrix metalloproteinases, transforming growth factor receptor-beta, vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], and E-cadherin) [31,32] may not show a peritumoural halo (also refer to Figure 8). Here, VEGFA is linked to papillary carcinoma.