VEGFA and neoplasm: They also contribute to this end by secreting a broad amount of cytokines and chemokines, such as transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and interleukins (IL-1 and IL-6), and a broad range of growth factors, such as EGF (epidermal growth factor), bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), HGF (hepatocyte growth factor), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon-(IFN), CXCL12, IL-6, galectin-1, sonic hedgehog protein (SHH), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), among others, which are tumor-promoting.