Consistently, Gao et al. showed that both in vitro and in vivo F. nucleatum stimulates cancer cells to express programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) [96], which binds with its receptor programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) on T cells, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines production and influencing programmed death signalling. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and cancer.