In posterior fossa ependymoma, it was found that the mesenchymal-like tumour cells were transformed and associated with distal metastases through the activation of NFκB and AP-1 complexes, induced by TNF-α in combination with TGF-β1 [132], and enhanced EMT correlated with poor outcomes in children and adults with different types of ependymomas [133]. This evidence concerns the gene JUN and ependymoma.