NANOG and germinoma: Recent milestone research has supposed that germinomas are raised from primordial germ cells, while NGGCTs originate from embryonic stem cells by transcriptome and methylome analysis, and CSC markers are separated into different subtypes, such as Lin28A, SOX2 KLF2/4 as general CSC markers, PIWIL1, DAZL, DDX4, NANOS3, and ERVW-1 for germinomas, and Nanog and Oct4 for NGGCTs [51].