In light of this, the GraRS TCS up-regulates the expression of the VraFG ATP-transporter, improving S. aureus resistance against both vancomycin and polymyxin B. Furthermore, alterations of the GraRS TCS have been found in association with increased bacterial lysis and negative surface charge, suggesting that this TCS might be a relevant target in the therapy of clinically resistant staphylococcal infections [302]. The gene discussed is TCOF1; the disease is staphylococcal infection.