FOXM1 and breast carcinoma: Of note, primary breast cancers of all subtypes express FOXM1 protein and mRNA at much higher levels compared to normal breast tissue [14, 39], and analysis of matched breast tumor and normal breast tissue pairs showed that FOXM1 transcript is up to 116-fold increased in tumor tissue, with stage III carcinomas showing higher FOXM1 than stage II carcinomas [14].