Since the primary tumours in the GATM-knockdown group weighed less than those in the control group (Fig. S3N), to exclude the impact of the reduction in primary tumours size on the number of cells available for metastasis formation, we further established a splenic injection model, in which the injected pancreatic cancer cells reached the liver directly to form metastases without first forming primary tumours. This evidence concerns the gene GATM and familial pancreatic carcinoma.