AFP and neoplasm: Very high-risk population: (1) single tumor diameter > 5 cm or 2–3 tumor nodules, the maximum tumor diameter ≤ 3 cm (BCLC A/CNLC Ib), with ≥ 1 of the following serological changes: AFP ≥ 400 ng/mL; AFP-L3 ≥ 10%; DCP ≥ 400 mAU/mL; (2) 2–3 tumor nodules, with the maximum tumor diameter > 3 cm (CNLC IIa); (3) with ≥ 1 of the following tumor characteristics on liver histopathology: MVI, satellite lesions, and poorly differentiated HCC cells.