For example, despite adipose tissue–promoting pathways, including PI3K-PTEN-Akt-mTOR and Ras-Raf-MAPK associated with HPV-associated head and neck cancers,52 patients with a high BMI were more likely to have greater treatment-related weight loss44,53 associated with changes in tumor microenvironment and inflammation that may potentiate treatments.54 This evidence concerns the gene PTEN and head and neck cancer.