↑ Veillonellaceae, endotoxemia, and inflammation (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-13) in cirrhotic patients with HE vs. without HE.↑ Enterobacteriaceae, Alcaligeneceae, and Fusobacteriaceae and ↓ Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae compared with controls. Here, IL2 is linked to hereditary elliptocytosis.