TNF and serum lipopolysaccharide activity: ↑ Veillonellaceae, endotoxemia, and inflammation (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-13) in cirrhotic patients with HE vs. without HE.↑ Enterobacteriaceae, Alcaligeneceae, and Fusobacteriaceae and ↓ Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae compared with controls.