Associations were found between MBzP, MiBP, MCPP, MEHP, MEHHP, and ∑DEHP with HbA1c levels, and between DEHP metabolites with higher amounts of insulin, insulin resistance and fasting glucose, reduced glucose control, and β-cell function, suggesting an involvement of phthalates in pre-diabetes [73]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.