CXCL1 and neoplasm: PGE2 secreted by tumor cells can stimulate the secretion of cancer-promoting CXCL1, IL-6 and granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) by bone marrow-like cells, inhibit the activation of type I interferon-dependent innate immune cells, inhibit T cells from targeting tumor antigens, and transform M1 macrophages with antitumor effect into M2 macrophages with cancer-promoting effect to achieve immune escape [105,106].