Additionally, the in vitro models of IBD were lipopolysaccharides (LPS), nigericin and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-stimulated J774A.1 cells, LPS-stimulated bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) cells, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-stimulated human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMEC), TNF-α-stimulated Caco-2 and HT-29 cells, LPS/Interferon-γ(IFN-γ)-stimulated intestinal macrophages, and LPS-induced THP-1 cells. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and inflammatory bowel disease.