This may be attributable to elevated levels of TNFα, and for some donors more IL-17AA/FF, IFNγ and/or IL-17FF/AF, in IL-17A+ Vα7.2+ CD8+ T-cells compared with the IL-17A+ Vα7.2− CD8+ T-cell counterparts. The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is atrial fibrillation.