CCL2 and cancer: The same study conducted by Baci et al. (2019) found that acetylcarnitine induces apoptosis of PCa cells, reduced cancer cell proliferation, and halted proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines production, such as TNF-α, IFN-γ and CCL2, CXCL12 and receptor CXCR4, respectively, therefore altering migration, invasion and adhesion processes.