TRAF5 and hepatocellular carcinoma: We observed that sh-TRAF5 notably down-regulated TRAF5 expression in HepG2 (Figs. 2A and 2B) and HuH7 cells (P < 0.01; Figs. S2A and S2B), indicating the successful inhibition of TRAF5 in HCC cells by shRNA.