GDM women at 36th gestational weeks between the age of 18 and 40 years, and receiving insulin and/or oral anti-diabetic agents as part of anti-diabetic treatment protocol practiced in JIPMER hospital (Table 1) and followed by others38, in addition to the routine diabetic diet for GDM management (Table 2) and those willing to participate in the study, were included. Here, INS is linked to gestational diabetes.