TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: In accordance with our previous studies [11], impaired metabolic disorders were found in patients and mice with NAFLD; these included higher body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), serum free fatty acid (FFA), and fasting serum insulin levels (Tables S1, S2).