TNF and inflammatory response: For example, pro‐inflammatory mediators including IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α promote a reduction in the NAD+/NADH ratio, leading to an impairment in mitochondrial biogenesis (Hahn et al., 2014), while mitochondrial dysfunction may induce cardiac inflammation via the release of mitochondrial DNA or formation of ROS (Liao et al., 2013; Oka et al., 2012).