Both the MAPK/ERK pathway, in brain cancer cell lines, and the PI3K/AKT pathway, in pancreatic cancer cell lines, increase the expression of the migration-related GDF15 (growth/differentiation factor 15) gene which mediates cancer cell migration after their compression (Kalli et al, 2019a, 2019b). Here, GDF15 is linked to familial pancreatic carcinoma.