TNF and chronic kidney disease: This data agrees with other studies where C3a induces Ang-II production in vSMC from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) (Han et al., 2012); and both TNF-α (Zhang et al., 2014b) and C5a (Zhang et al., 2014a) are linked with Ang-II-induced hypertension, CKD, and cardiac injury in murine models.