In addition, a significant increase in Gram-negative bacteria is also found in type 2 diabetes and CKD patients, which contain LPS in the outer membrane and are associated with the elevation of inflammatory biomarkers such as TNF-α, IL-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in fecal microbiota samples (Salguero et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and chronic kidney disease.