LEP and alcohol dependence: Research has shown that chronic intake of alcohol elevates the level of leptin protein and its receptor in adipose tissue (Obradovic and Meadows, 2002; Stern et al., 2016; Steiner and Lang, 2017) As a result, people with alcoholism have higher liver fat levels but lower overall fat mass, which influences leptin circulating levels (Martínez-Uña et al., 2020).