TNF and neoplasm: Kangsamaksin et al. (2017) reported that stigmasterol could suppress tumor angiogenesis and cholangiocarcinoma growth by inhibiting TNF-α expression. Such effect was also found in collagen induced arthritis (Ahmad Khan et al., 2020). Besides, some common formulas containing stigmasterol possess apparent properties that suppress the expression of TNF-α (Masola et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2022b).